Random Facts About Life

1. Life is broadly defined as the condition of an organism that exhibits growth through metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation to its environment. These characteristics separate living organisms from inanimate objects.ⁱ
2. The cell is the basic unit of life, and an organism must be composed of at least one cell to qualify as a living thing.ⁱ
3. The cells of every living organism contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a nucleic acid that holds the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of a life form. It is this substance that allows a living thing to grow and reproduce.ⁱ
4. DNA was first discovered in 1869 by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who noticed a microscopic substance in the pus on discarded bandages. The substance was later identified as DNA.ⁱ
5. A virus straddles the definition of life and, according to scientific definition, is not technically alive. It is composed simply of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) strands surrounded by a protein shell and requires a host cell to metabolize and reproduce. When not within a host cell, a virus lies dormant and is nothing more than a static organic particle.ⁱ

Scientists estimate the Earth has existed for about 4.5 billions years

1. Scientists estimate the earth is about 4.5 billions years old and first began to support life forms approximately 3.7 billion years ago.^a
2. While scientists universally believe that naturally occurring amino acids were mediated by nucleic acids to create the first life forms on Earth, the question of how nucleic acids originated from inanimate matter is still being studied today. There is no definitive answer yet as to the origin of life on Earth.^g
3. Throughout history, two dominant theories of the origin of life on Earth have prevailed. Abiogenesis, a theory that is now widely discredited, holds that life was and is spontaneously generated from decaying organic matter. The theory of biogenesis, on the other hand, maintains that new life is produced from existing life forms.^g
4. The oldest living things on Earth are believed to be single-cell prokaryotes, more commonly known as bacteria. Scientists have discovered fossils of such prokaryotes from roughly 3.5 billion years ago.^a

The first plant life appeared 430 million years ago and consisted of algae-like growth

1. Plant life began on the Earth’s landforms about 430 millions years ago. The first plants were likely single-celled organisms distantly related to algae.^a
2. The first reptiles began life 300 million years ago, and modern mammals appeared roughly 75 millions years ago.^a
3. Apes originated on Earth about 35 million years ago, and the first apelike men appeared about 10 million years ago. The modern human species of Homo sapien has existed on the earth for only 100,000 years.^a
4. Scientists believe that Earth will exist for another 7.5 billion years before the sun becomes a red giant star and, in all probability, destroys the planet. Earth may cease to support life forms far before that date, however, due to increased energy output from the sun over time.^a
5. Living organisms are divided into two basic domains: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes, to which humans belong, have a cellular structure with a nucleus and membrane-bound genetic information, while the cells of prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus.ⁱ
6. Today, all identified living organisms are scientifically named and categorized according to Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus’s taxonomy. In his 1758 publication, Systema Naturae, Linnaeus divided and classified different living organisms with a ranking scale: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.ⁱ
7. Scientists estimate that anywhere from five million to 100 million unique species of plants and animals currently live on Earth. However, only about two million of these species have been identified.ⁱ
8. Insect species account for 950,000 of the two million identified species on Earth.ⁱ
9. There are nearly 300,000 different species of plants currently living on Earth.ⁱ
10. Mammals make up just 5,416 of the two million identified species on Earth.ⁱ
11. The theory of evolution, which explains how living things change over time through natural selection, was first publicized by Charles Darwin in 1859. Many scientists now point to this natural phenomenon as the reason behind Earth’s great biodiversity.ⁱ
12. Worldwide, there are currently just over 6.7 billion people living in the world. The population of males is slightly higher than females (3.41 billion compared to 3.37 billion).ⁱ
13. According to the Central Intelligence Agency, average life expectancy for a person in the U.S. is 78.11 years.^e

Average life expectancy in the U.S. increased by 30 years during the twentieth century, primarily due to advances in public health care

1. During the twentieth century alone, the average life expectancy in the United States increased by more than 30 years. Officials attribute most of this increase to advances in public health care and information.ⁱ
2. According to a 2008 report, the average life expectancy in the world as a whole is 66.26 years.^f
3. The average life expectancy ranges throughout the world from a high of 84.36 years in Macau to just 31.88 years in the African nation of Swaziland. Experts attribute the low life expectancy in many African countries to high rates of HIV/AIDS infection.^{c, d}
4. The oldest documented person on record is Jeanne Calment, a Frenchwoman who lived for 122 years and 164 days. The oldest person still alive today is 114-year-old Gertrude Baines of the U.S.^b
5. The greatest verified age for any living organism is from a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine tree in Nevada called Prometheus that was measured by a ring count to be about 4,900 years old when it was cut down in 1964.^h
6. Scientists have yet to discover a sign of extraterrestrial life, but the discovery of planets outside of our solar system with habitable climates is a promising indication of life outside Earth.^a

References

^a Babcock, Loren E. 2008. Earth History. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

^b Bermudez, Esmeralda. “Gertrude Baines May Be 114, but She’s Not Counting.” Los Angeles Times. January 11, 2009: A37.

^c Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook – Macau.” Accessed: March 24, 2009.

^d Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook – Swaziland.”  Accessed: March 24, 2009.

^e Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook – United States.” Accessed: March 24, 2009.

^f Central Intelligence Agency. “The World Factbook – World.” Accessed: March 24, 2009.

^g Lahav, Noam. 1999. Biogenesis: Theories of Life’s Origin. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

^h National Park Service. “Bristlecone Pines.” Accessed: March 26, 2009.

ⁱ Raven, Peter H., George B. Johnson, Kenneth A. Mason, Jonathan Losos, and Susan Singer. 2008. Biology. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Related articles

• Scientists prove once and for all that there’s life on Earth [Astronomy] (io9.com)
• An Earlier Genetic Molecule May Predate DNA And RNA (medicalnewstoday.com)
• Simpler times: Did an earlier genetic molecule predate DNA and RNA? (eurekalert.org)

‘We are Trained to Hate India’: Pakistani Students

Young children in Pakistan are taught to hate India, says a group of Pakistani students at a workshop conducted by the Sociology Department of Mumbai University. Their visit to the Indian city on a mission of promoting the practice of harmony and bonding among the youngsters of both nations is a positive move which should be appreciated.

“Once hating India was seen as true patriotism. We were trained to hate India but now we feel that there is an urgent need to stress on peace,” Sitara Jabeen, an MPhil student in Peace and Conflicts Studies at the National Defence University, Islamabad told DNA in Mumbai. “There is a group in Pakistan that is involved in terrorism, but the rest of us feel the same pain when India or any other country is attacked,” she said. “Pakistan is as much a victim of violence at the hands of terror outfits as India,” says Sidra Tariq who pursues MPhil in International Relations at the Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad.

Arshi Saleem Hashmi, a professor from the same university, said “stereotypes are kept alive by a lack of understanding between groups of people. One way to shatter them,” she added, “is by engaging the youth of both the countries. The bonding of the youth can break that deadlock.”

Lahore based architect and youth activist, Hina Anwar Ali mentioned the cultural and demographical similarities of Pakistan and India and he pointed out how the youth can work as a centre of peace process between the two countries.
On the other hand, it is not a new allegation against Pakistan’s education system. Jabeen’s statement points out the fact that empowerment of terror in Pakistan have not just quickly taken place. According to a recent study by U.S. government had exposed how Pakistani schools cultivate discrimination and intolerance of other religions. The report stated that the very perception of non-Muslims is as ‘enemies of Islam,’ and nearly all teachers have the same view.
There are so many arguments on the growth of terrorism in Pakistan. Many arguments on what Pakistan schools teach their children reveal that the official textbooks prop up hatred against India, especially Hindus. The text books on Pakistan studies and social studies are the main controversial teachings where the history has been misrepresented and turn to corrupt the harmony with India.