Tag Archives: Kepler

First Earth-size planets found around distant star – in a bizarre solar system

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For the first time, NASA’s Kepler spacecraft has found two Earth-size planets outside our solar system – a landmark achievement. But the planets are in a solar system that baffles scientists and could overthrow current models of planet formation.

This illustration shows artist’s renderings of planets Kepler 20e and Kepler 20f compared with Venus and the Earth.

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics/AP

Scientists have found the first Earth-size planets orbiting a star like the sun, but the pair appear in a solar system so bizarre that it is for now upending current explanations for how solar systems form, the discoverers say.

The two planets, thought to be rocky, form a kind of cosmic triple-decker sandwich, with each interspersed among three Neptune-scale gas planets. All five are closer to their host star than Mercury is to the sun, meaning they are too hot for life.

But the find is proof that NASA‘s Kepler spacecraft can find Earth-size planets orbiting distant stars. Kepler 20e is slightly smaller than Venus, or about 0.87 times Earth’s size. Kepler 20f is 1.03 times Earth’s size.

Combined with the discovery, announced Dec. 5, of a “super Earth” in another star’s habitable zone, these new planets move the Kepler team closer to its goal: detecting Earth-size planets in their stars’ habitable zones – orbital distances where temperatures on the planet are warm enough to allow water to remain stable on the surface.

The newest discovery is “the most important milestone” for the Kepler team, says Francois Fressin, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., and the lead author of the team’s formal report, which is being published by the journal Nature.

Kepler uncovered the two Earth-size planets 1,000 light-years away by tracking the changes the brightness of light coming from their host star, Kepler 20, as the planets pass in front of it. Kepler 20e orbits its sun once every 6.1 days at an average distance of 4.7 million miles. Kepler 20f orbits once in 19.6 days at a distance of 10.3 million miles. 

Earth, by contrast, is 93 million miles from the sun.

The team doesn’t yet have an independent confirmation of the planets’ masses, but given their sizes and orbits, the planets likely are rocky – probably composed of silicates and iron, as is Earth – according to current models of how solar systems form.

Yet the arrangement of the five planets orbiting Kepler 20 is calling those models into question. It could be dubbed the Neptune/Rocky Horror Picture Show.

The configuration of the five planets – Neptune-like planet, followed by small rocky planet, followed by Neptune-like planet, followed by small rocky planet, followed by Neptune-like planet – is decidedly unlike anything yet seen.

“The architecture of that planetary system is crazy,” says David Charbonneau, another researcher from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and a Kepler team member.

From centuries of studying our own solar system, astronomers had pieced together a convincing picture of planet formation. Rocky planets formed close to the sun, where temperatures were too warm to allow gases and ices to accumulate. Meanwhile, gas and ice giants formed beyond the so-called snow line, where temperatures even on the sunward side of objects could not unfreeze water and allowed gases to condense into liquids.

“We thought all solar systems would be like this,” says Linda Elkins-Tanton, who heads the Carnegie Institution for Science’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in Washington.

Extrasolar-planet hunters then found so-called hot Jupiters – gas giants with Jupiter‘s mass and more – orbiting close to their parent stars. But that still could be explained: The giants just migrated inward and forced the smaller rocky planets into the star as they came, Dr. Elkins-Tanton suggests.

“Now, with this new Kepler finding, comes a solar system that doesn’t fit any mold we have,” she says. “This system forces us to change out ideas about how planets are formed, and how they reach stable orbits, and where indeed in solar systems there could be Earth-sized rocky planets.”

The Kepler team’s announcement Tuesday coincides with an additional report released the same day by scientist claiming to have found two planets smaller than Earth orbiting a relic of a red-giant star some 4,000 light-years away. Although this second group is not part of the Kepler team, they used Kepler data to make their discovery.

By Pete Spotts

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What will happen after sun vaporizes Earth? Scorched planets hold clues.

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Scientists say they’ve found two planets that survived being swallowed by a red-giant star. Earth won’t be so fortunate when our sun becomes a red giant in 5 billion years, but the find shows what can happen to solar systems after such dramatic events.

An artist’s rendering of the two planets orbiting close to the former red-giant core.

S. Charpinet

Forget this season’s final episode of “Survivor.” The ultimate survivors appear to be two small planet-candidates engulfed for a billion years inside the searing envelope of a red-giant star. And they emerged to tell the tale.

The planets are a glimpse at what can happen to a solar system when a star begins its death throes, becoming bloated and red as it consumes the last of the hydrogen fuel in its core. The same fate awaits our sun in about 5 billion years.

The two planet-candidates announced Wednesday are among the tiniest yet revealed by data from NASA‘s planet-hunting Kepler spacecraft. And they hold the potential to shed light not only on how planets could survive such a torching, but also how they might affect the evolution of red-giant stars themselves.

“On many levels, it’s very cool,” says Elizabeth Green, a researcher with the University of Arizona‘s Steward Observatory and a member of the team reporting its observations in the Dec. 22 issue of the journal Nature.

A red giant originates as a star roughly like our sun – between 0.5 and 8 times the sun’s mass. As the star exhausts its hydrogen fuel, its core collapses. The heat of that event causes remaining hydrogen in the outer shell to begin fusion, and the star’s outer layer, or photosphere, expands.

By the time the red-giant phase of our sun ends, the Earth, Venus, and Mercury are likely to be vaporized. But scientists have examples of other objects – planets and brown-dwarf stars – that survived being enveloped by red-giant stars they orbited.

None of them, however, is like the ones reported Tuesday. All the previous examples were bigger objects that orbited farther from their parent stars to begin with. For that reason, they didn’t spiral as deeply into their stars’ photospheres. When these stars’ red-giant phase ended – and the stars shrank back to become helium-burning so-called subdwarf B stars – the planets survived.

By contrast, the objects reported Tuesday appear to have traveled far deeper into the red-giant’s photosphere and survived only as tiny remnants.

Indeed, the planet-candidates orbit so close to their subdwarf B star, named KIC 05807616, that their years are 5.8 hours and 8.2 hours long, respectively. With one side constantly facing the star, the planets’ sun-side faces would roast at between 14,000 and 16,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

So how did the planet-candidates survive such a blistering? The team suggests that the objects may represent the rocky cores of stripped-down gas-giant planets that once orbited farther away.

As KIC 05807616 went through its red-giant phase and expanded, the two planets had to push through far more material as they orbited, creating a drag that slowed them down. That began a long spiral toward the star’s core, and as the gas-giant planets migrated, they were stripped of their gas until only the rocky cores remained.

In the process, however, these planets also could have hastened the end of the star’s red-giant phase, the team suggests.

The star’s gravity is at its weakest in the outer reaches of the extended photosphere. As the planets migrated, their gravity could have stirred the star’s outer photosphere in ways that stripped the hot gas away.

There are other possible explanations for the planet-candidates’ presence. They could have been rocky planets to start with, were destroyed, and when the red-giant phase ended and the star’s photosphere contracted, they reformed from the torched leftovers, says Eliza Kempton, a scientist at the University of California at Santa Cruz, who focuses her research on small extrasolar planets and was not part of the team.

Ironically, the team, which was led by French astronomer Stephane Charpinet of the University of Toulouse, didn’t set out to hunt for planets, Dr. Green explains. Instead, the scientists were using Kepler’s data to study stars – in particular, stars that had passed through their red-giant phase and had begun to burn the helium in their cores.

KIC 05807616 is one such star. Like many stars, KIC 05807616 varies in brightness in repeating patterns. These patterns can yield information on a star’s mass, temperature, size, even the structure of its interior.

Kepler measures such changes with high precision because of the requirements of its planet-hunting mission. It hunts for extrasolar planets by measuring how a planet slightly dims a star’s light when passing in front of it. But the scientists using its data need to be able to separate planet-induced dimming from a host star’s built-in swings in brightness.

As Dr. Charpinet’s team analyzed the varying brightness patterns from KIC 05807616, they detected two additional sets that didn’t mesh with the patterns from the star itself.

After carefully weighing other explanations, the most probable explanation left standing was the presence of two planets.

Not everyone is convinced that the team has detected planets, with some ready to go no farther than to describe planet patters as “intriguing modulations.” And while the team is confident that the objects are planets, they still formally dub them planet-candidates.

Whatever the answer, astrophysicists studying stars are as tickled to have Kepler on orbit as are planet-hunters. Compared with the tools available prior to Kepler’s launch, the quality of the data pouring in from the mission “is fantastic,” Green says.

By Pete Spotts

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